From ec2c79a627df128bb61c4639304f1b5300aeb2ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Donghee Na <donghee.na@python.org>
Date: Fri, 26 Jun 2026 22:03:20 +0900
Subject: [PATCH] gh-152235: Defer GC tracking in more set operations

---
 ...-06-26-22-03-16.gh-issue-152235.ZKWiWk.rst |  2 +
 Objects/setobject.c                           | 44 ++++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-06-26-22-03-16.gh-issue-152235.ZKWiWk.rst

diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-06-26-22-03-16.gh-issue-152235.ZKWiWk.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-06-26-22-03-16.gh-issue-152235.ZKWiWk.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000000..bcc128404897da1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-06-26-22-03-16.gh-issue-152235.ZKWiWk.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Defer GC tracking of :meth:`set.intersection`, :meth:`set.difference` and
+:meth:`set.symmetric_difference`. Patch by Donghee Na.
diff --git a/Objects/setobject.c b/Objects/setobject.c
index 883658b8bfd340d..d8c38ff1c1d899a 100644
--- a/Objects/setobject.c
+++ b/Objects/setobject.c
@@ -1345,14 +1345,14 @@ set_update_impl(PySetObject *so, PyObject * const *others,
    can be retrieved or updated in a single cache line.
 */
 
+// Build a set/frozenset left GC-untracked; the caller must _PyObject_GC_TRACK()
+// it once fully built, so a half-built set is never exposed during filling.
 static PyObject *
-make_new_set(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *iterable)
+make_new_set_untracked(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *iterable)
 {
     assert(PyType_Check(type));
     PySetObject *so;
 
-    // Allocate untracked: the fill below runs user code, and a half-built
-    // set must not be reachable from another thread via gc.get_objects().
     so = (PySetObject *)_PyType_AllocNoTrack(type, 0);
     if (so == NULL)
         return NULL;
@@ -1372,13 +1372,21 @@ make_new_set(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *iterable)
         }
     }
 
-    // Track only once fully built.
-    _PyObject_GC_TRACK(so);
     return (PyObject *)so;
 }
 
 static PyObject *
-make_new_set_basetype(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *iterable)
+make_new_set(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *iterable)
+{
+    PyObject *so = make_new_set_untracked(type, iterable);
+    if (so != NULL) {
+        _PyObject_GC_TRACK(so);
+    }
+    return so;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+make_new_set_basetype_untracked(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *iterable)
 {
     if (type != &PySet_Type && type != &PyFrozenSet_Type) {
         if (PyType_IsSubtype(type, &PySet_Type))
@@ -1386,7 +1394,17 @@ make_new_set_basetype(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *iterable)
         else
             type = &PyFrozenSet_Type;
     }
-    return make_new_set(type, iterable);
+    return make_new_set_untracked(type, iterable);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+make_new_set_basetype(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *iterable)
+{
+    PyObject *so = make_new_set_basetype_untracked(type, iterable);
+    if (so != NULL) {
+        _PyObject_GC_TRACK(so);
+    }
+    return so;
 }
 
 // gh-140232: check whether a frozenset can be untracked from the GC
@@ -1696,7 +1714,7 @@ set_intersection(PySetObject *so, PyObject *other)
     if ((PyObject *)so == other)
         return set_copy_impl(so);
 
-    result = (PySetObject *)make_new_set_basetype(Py_TYPE(so), NULL);
+    result = (PySetObject *)make_new_set_basetype_untracked(Py_TYPE(so), NULL);
     if (result == NULL)
         return NULL;
 
@@ -1729,6 +1747,7 @@ set_intersection(PySetObject *so, PyObject *other)
             }
             Py_DECREF(key);
         }
+        _PyObject_GC_TRACK(result);
         return (PyObject *)result;
     }
 
@@ -1760,6 +1779,7 @@ set_intersection(PySetObject *so, PyObject *other)
         Py_DECREF(result);
         return NULL;
     }
+    _PyObject_GC_TRACK(result);
     return (PyObject *)result;
   error:
     Py_DECREF(it);
@@ -2074,7 +2094,7 @@ set_difference(PySetObject *so, PyObject *other)
         return set_copy_and_difference(so, other);
     }
 
-    result = make_new_set_basetype(Py_TYPE(so), NULL);
+    result = make_new_set_basetype_untracked(Py_TYPE(so), NULL);
     if (result == NULL)
         return NULL;
 
@@ -2098,6 +2118,7 @@ set_difference(PySetObject *so, PyObject *other)
             }
             Py_DECREF(key);
         }
+        _PyObject_GC_TRACK(result);
         return result;
     }
 
@@ -2121,6 +2142,7 @@ set_difference(PySetObject *so, PyObject *other)
         }
         Py_DECREF(key);
     }
+    _PyObject_GC_TRACK(result);
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -2322,7 +2344,8 @@ static PyObject *
 set_symmetric_difference_impl(PySetObject *so, PyObject *other)
 /*[clinic end generated code: output=270ee0b5d42b0797 input=8c29b0be90d47feb]*/
 {
-    PySetObject *result = (PySetObject *)make_new_set_basetype(Py_TYPE(so), NULL);
+    PySetObject *result =
+        (PySetObject *)make_new_set_basetype_untracked(Py_TYPE(so), NULL);
     if (result == NULL) {
         return NULL;
     }
@@ -2334,6 +2357,7 @@ set_symmetric_difference_impl(PySetObject *so, PyObject *other)
         Py_DECREF(result);
         return NULL;
     }
+    _PyObject_GC_TRACK(result);
     return (PyObject *)result;
 }