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9 | 9 | Python is widely adopted in data science, and its use for statistics is expanding rapidly---particularly in education and applied research. |
10 | 10 | The statistical ecosystem in Python is currently anchored by six major libraries: |
11 | 11 |
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12 | | -- [numpy](https://www.numpy.org/), which provides fast, flexible array and numerical operations and underpins nearly all statistical and scientific computing in Python. |
13 | | -- [pandas](https://www.pandas.org/), which offers intuitive, high-performance data structures for tabular and time series data, making data cleaning, wrangling, and exploration straightforward and efficient. |
14 | | -- [scipy.stats](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/stats.html), which provides a comprehensive suite of probability distributions, summary statistics, and basic statistical tests. |
15 | | -- [statsmodels](https://www.statsmodels.org/), which offers tools for econometrics, classical statistics, and statistical modeling---including linear and generalized linear models, time series analysis, and hypothesis testing. |
16 | | -- [scikit-learn](https://scikit-learn.org/), which is best known for machine learning but also supports some statistical modeling, offering a consistent API for predictive analytics and data preprocessing. |
17 | | -- [seaborn](https://seaborn.pydata.org/), a library built on top of matplotlib that excels at creating informative and attractive statistical graphics, making it easier to visualize distributions, relationships, and trends in data. |
| 12 | +- [numpy](https://www.numpy.org/), which provides fast, flexible array and numerical operations, and underpins nearly all statistical and scientific computing in Python. |
| 13 | + It supports descriptive statistics, correlation and covariance computations, random sampling, and tools for constructing histograms and binning data. |
| 14 | +- [pandas](https://www.pandas.org/), which offers intuitive, high-performance data structures for tabular and time series data, making data cleaning, wrangling, reshaping, aggregation, and exploratory analysis straightforward and efficient. |
| 15 | +- [scipy](https://www.scipy.org/), which builds on NumPy to deliver a broad range of scientific and statistical functionality---including, in its [`scipy.stats`](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/stats.html) submodule, a comprehensive suite of probability distributions, summary statistics, and basic statistical tests. |
| 16 | + It also provides modules for clustering, optimization, interpolation, and signal processing. |
| 17 | +- [matplotlib](https://matplotlib.org/), the foundational plotting library in Python, which enables the creation of high-quality static, animated, and interactive visualizations, and serves as the basis for many higher-level plotting and statistical graphics libraries. |
| 18 | +- [statsmodels](https://www.statsmodels.org/), which offers tools for econometrics, classical statistics, and statistical modeling---including linear and generalized linear models, time series analysis, survival analysis, and hypothesis testing, with extensive support for model diagnostics and statistical inference. |
| 19 | +- [scikit-learn](https://scikit-learn.org/), which is best known for machine learning but also supports statistical modeling, offering a consistent API for regression, classification, clustering, model evaluation, statistical preprocessing, and dimensionality reduction. |
18 | 20 |
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19 | 21 | These core libraries are generally well-tested, reliable, and uphold high software engineering standards, making them trusted foundations for research and application. |
20 | 22 | They benefit from contributions not only from science users but also from methods and software developers. |
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