DB_Command.php

<?php

use WP_CLI\Formatter;
use WP_CLI\Process;
use WP_CLI\Utils;
use cli\table\Column;

require_once __DIR__ . '/DB_Command_SQLite.php';

/**
 * Performs basic database operations using credentials stored in wp-config.php.
 *
 * ## EXAMPLES
 *
 *     # Create a new database.
 *     $ wp db create
 *     Success: Database created.
 *
 *     # Drop an existing database.
 *     $ wp db drop --yes
 *     Success: Database dropped.
 *
 *     # Reset the current database.
 *     $ wp db reset --yes
 *     Success: Database reset.
 *
 *     # Execute a SQL query stored in a file.
 *     $ wp db query < debug.sql
 *
 * @when after_wp_config_load
 */
class DB_Command extends WP_CLI_Command {

	use DB_Command_SQLite;

	/**
	 * Legacy UTF-8 encoding for MySQL.
	 *
	 * @var string
	 */
	const ENCODING_UTF8 = 'utf8';

	/**
	 * Standards-compliant UTF-8 encoding for MySQL.
	 *
	 * @var string
	 */
	const ENCODING_UTF8MB4 = 'utf8mb4';

	/**
	 * A list of incompatible SQL modes.
	 *
	 * Copied over from WordPress Core code.
	 * @see https://github.com/WordPress/wordpress-develop/blob/5.4.0/src/wp-includes/wp-db.php#L559-L572
	 *
	 * @var string[] Array of SQL mode names that are incompatible with WordPress.
	 */
	protected $sql_incompatible_modes = [
		'NO_ZERO_DATE',
		'ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY',
		'STRICT_TRANS_TABLES',
		'STRICT_ALL_TABLES',
		'TRADITIONAL',
		'ANSI',
	];

	/**
	 * Creates a new database.
	 *
	 * Runs `CREATE_DATABASE` SQL statement using `DB_HOST`, `DB_NAME`,
	 * `DB_USER` and `DB_PASSWORD` database credentials specified in
	 * wp-config.php.
	 *
	 * ## OPTIONS
	 *
	 * [--dbuser=<value>]
	 * : Username to pass to mysql. Defaults to DB_USER.
	 *
	 * [--dbpass=<value>]
	 * : Password to pass to mysql. Defaults to DB_PASSWORD.
	 *
	 * [--defaults]
	 * : Loads the environment's MySQL option files. Default behavior is to skip loading them to avoid failures due to misconfiguration.
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     $ wp db create
	 *     Success: Database created.
	 */
	public function create( $_, $assoc_args ) {
		$this->maybe_load_sqlite_dropin();

		if ( $this->is_sqlite() ) {
			$this->sqlite_create();
			return;
		}

		$this->run_query( self::get_create_query(), $assoc_args );

		WP_CLI::success( 'Database created.' );
	}

	/**
	 * Deletes the existing database.
	 *
	 * Runs `DROP_DATABASE` SQL statement using `DB_HOST`, `DB_NAME`,
	 * `DB_USER` and `DB_PASSWORD` database credentials specified in
	 * wp-config.php.
	 *
	 * ## OPTIONS
	 *
	 * [--dbuser=<value>]
	 * : Username to pass to mysql. Defaults to DB_USER.
	 *
	 * [--dbpass=<value>]
	 * : Password to pass to mysql. Defaults to DB_PASSWORD.
	 *
	 * [--yes]
	 * : Answer yes to the confirmation message.
	 *
	 * [--defaults]
	 * : Loads the environment's MySQL option files. Default behavior is to skip loading them to avoid failures due to misconfiguration.
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     $ wp db drop --yes
	 *     Success: Database dropped.
	 */
	public function drop( $_, $assoc_args ) {
		$this->maybe_load_sqlite_dropin();

		if ( $this->is_sqlite() ) {
			$db_path = $this->get_sqlite_db_path();
			WP_CLI::confirm( "Are you sure you want to drop the SQLite database at '{$db_path}'?", $assoc_args );
			$this->sqlite_drop();
			return;
		}

		WP_CLI::confirm( "Are you sure you want to drop the '" . DB_NAME . "' database?", $assoc_args );

		$this->run_query( sprintf( 'DROP DATABASE `%s`', DB_NAME ), $assoc_args );

		WP_CLI::success( 'Database dropped.' );
	}

	/**
	 * Removes all tables from the database.
	 *
	 * Runs `DROP_DATABASE` and `CREATE_DATABASE` SQL statements using
	 * `DB_HOST`, `DB_NAME`, `DB_USER` and `DB_PASSWORD` database credentials
	 * specified in wp-config.php.
	 *
	 * ## OPTIONS
	 *
	 * [--dbuser=<value>]
	 * : Username to pass to mysql. Defaults to DB_USER.
	 *
	 * [--dbpass=<value>]
	 * : Password to pass to mysql. Defaults to DB_PASSWORD.
	 *
	 * [--yes]
	 * : Answer yes to the confirmation message.
	 *
	 * [--defaults]
	 * : Loads the environment's MySQL option files. Default behavior is to skip loading them to avoid failures due to misconfiguration.
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     $ wp db reset --yes
	 *     Success: Database reset.
	 */
	public function reset( $_, $assoc_args ) {
		$this->maybe_load_sqlite_dropin();

		if ( $this->is_sqlite() ) {
			$db_path = $this->get_sqlite_db_path();
			WP_CLI::confirm( "Are you sure you want to reset the SQLite database at '{$db_path}'?", $assoc_args );
			$this->sqlite_reset();
			return;
		}

		WP_CLI::confirm( "Are you sure you want to reset the '" . DB_NAME . "' database?", $assoc_args );

		$this->run_query( sprintf( 'DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS `%s`', DB_NAME ), $assoc_args );
		$this->run_query( self::get_create_query(), $assoc_args );

		WP_CLI::success( 'Database reset.' );
	}

	/**
	 * Removes all tables with `$table_prefix` from the database.
	 *
	 * Runs `DROP_TABLE` for each table that has a `$table_prefix` as specified
	 * in wp-config.php.
	 *
	 * ## OPTIONS
	 *
	 * [--dbuser=<value>]
	 * : Username to pass to mysql. Defaults to DB_USER.
	 *
	 * [--dbpass=<value>]
	 * : Password to pass to mysql. Defaults to DB_PASSWORD.
	 *
	 * [--yes]
	 * : Answer yes to the confirmation message.
	 *
	 * [--defaults]
	 * : Loads the environment's MySQL option files. Default behavior is to skip loading them to avoid failures due to misconfiguration.
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     # Delete all tables that match the current site prefix.
	 *     $ wp db clean --yes
	 *     Success: Tables dropped.
	 *
	 * @when after_wp_load
	 */
	public function clean( $_, $assoc_args ) {
		global $wpdb;

		WP_CLI::confirm(
			sprintf(
				"Are you sure you want to drop all the tables on '%s' that use the current site's database prefix ('%s')?",
				DB_NAME,
				$wpdb->get_blog_prefix()
			),
			$assoc_args
		);

		$tables = Utils\wp_get_table_names(
			[],
			[ 'all-tables-with-prefix' => true ]
		);

		foreach ( $tables as $table ) {
			$this->run_query(
				sprintf(
					'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `%s`.`%s`',
					DB_NAME,
					$table
				),
				$assoc_args
			);
		}

		WP_CLI::success( 'Tables dropped.' );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks the current status of the database.
	 *
	 * Runs `mysqlcheck` utility with `--check` using `DB_HOST`,
	 * `DB_NAME`, `DB_USER` and `DB_PASSWORD` database credentials
	 * specified in wp-config.php.
	 *
	 * [See docs](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/check-table.html)
	 * for more details on the `CHECK TABLE` statement.
	 *
	 * This command does not check whether WordPress is installed;
	 * to do that run `wp core is-installed`.
	 *
	 * ## OPTIONS
	 *
	 * [--dbuser=<value>]
	 * : Username to pass to mysqlcheck. Defaults to DB_USER.
	 *
	 * [--dbpass=<value>]
	 * : Password to pass to mysqlcheck. Defaults to DB_PASSWORD.
	 *
	 * [--<field>=<value>]
	 * : Extra arguments to pass to mysqlcheck. [Refer to mysqlcheck docs](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/en/mysqlcheck.html).
	 *
	 * [--defaults]
	 * : Loads the environment's MySQL option files. Default behavior is to skip loading them to avoid failures due to misconfiguration.
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     $ wp db check
	 *     Success: Database checked.
	 */
	public function check( $_, $assoc_args ) {
		$this->maybe_load_sqlite_dropin();

		if ( $this->is_sqlite() ) {
			WP_CLI::warning( 'Database check is not supported for SQLite databases.' );
			return;
		}

		$command = sprintf(
			'/usr/bin/env %s%s %s',
			Utils\get_sql_check_command(),
			$this->get_defaults_flag_string( $assoc_args ),
			'%s'
		);
		WP_CLI::debug( "Running shell command: {$command}", 'db' );

		$assoc_args['check'] = true;

		// Pass --silent to mysqlcheck when in quiet mode.
		if ( WP_CLI::get_config( 'quiet' ) ) {
			$assoc_args['silent'] = true;
		}

		self::run(
			Utils\esc_cmd( $command, DB_NAME ),
			$assoc_args
		);

		WP_CLI::debug( 'Associative arguments: ' . json_encode( $assoc_args ), 'db' );
		WP_CLI::success( 'Database checked.' );
	}

	/**
	 * Optimizes the database.
	 *
	 * Runs `mysqlcheck` utility with `--optimize=true` using `DB_HOST`,
	 * `DB_NAME`, `DB_USER` and `DB_PASSWORD` database credentials
	 * specified in wp-config.php.
	 *
	 * [See docs](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/optimize-table.html)
	 * for more details on the `OPTIMIZE TABLE` statement.
	 *
	 * ## OPTIONS
	 *
	 * [--dbuser=<value>]
	 * : Username to pass to mysqlcheck. Defaults to DB_USER.
	 *
	 * [--dbpass=<value>]
	 * : Password to pass to mysqlcheck. Defaults to DB_PASSWORD.
	 *
	 * [--<field>=<value>]
	 * : Extra arguments to pass to mysqlcheck. [Refer to mysqlcheck docs](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/en/mysqlcheck.html).
	 *
	 * [--defaults]
	 * : Loads the environment's MySQL option files. Default behavior is to skip loading them to avoid failures due to misconfiguration.
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     $ wp db optimize
	 *     Success: Database optimized.
	 */
	public function optimize( $_, $assoc_args ) {
		$this->maybe_load_sqlite_dropin();

		if ( $this->is_sqlite() ) {
			WP_CLI::warning( 'Database optimization is not supported for SQLite databases. SQLite automatically optimizes on VACUUM.' );
			return;
		}

		$command = sprintf(
			'/usr/bin/env %s%s %s',
			Utils\get_sql_check_command(),
			$this->get_defaults_flag_string( $assoc_args ),
			'%s'
		);
		WP_CLI::debug( "Running shell command: {$command}", 'db' );

		$assoc_args['optimize'] = true;

		// Pass --silent to mysqlcheck when in quiet mode.
		if ( WP_CLI::get_config( 'quiet' ) ) {
			$assoc_args['silent'] = true;
		}

		self::run(
			Utils\esc_cmd( $command, DB_NAME ),
			$assoc_args
		);

		WP_CLI::debug( 'Associative arguments: ' . json_encode( $assoc_args ), 'db' );
		WP_CLI::success( 'Database optimized.' );
	}

	/**
	 * Repairs the database.
	 *
	 * Runs `mysqlcheck` utility with `--repair=true` using `DB_HOST`,
	 * `DB_NAME`, `DB_USER` and `DB_PASSWORD` database credentials
	 * specified in wp-config.php.
	 *
	 * [See docs](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/repair-table.html) for
	 * more details on the `REPAIR TABLE` statement.
	 *
	 * ## OPTIONS
	 *
	 * [--dbuser=<value>]
	 * : Username to pass to mysqlcheck. Defaults to DB_USER.
	 *
	 * [--dbpass=<value>]
	 * : Password to pass to mysqlcheck. Defaults to DB_PASSWORD.
	 *
	 * [--<field>=<value>]
	 * : Extra arguments to pass to mysqlcheck. [Refer to mysqlcheck docs](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/en/mysqlcheck.html).
	 *
	 * [--defaults]
	 * : Loads the environment's MySQL option files. Default behavior is to skip loading them to avoid failures due to misconfiguration.
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     $ wp db repair
	 *     Success: Database repaired.
	 */
	public function repair( $_, $assoc_args ) {
		$this->maybe_load_sqlite_dropin();

		if ( $this->is_sqlite() ) {
			WP_CLI::warning( 'Database repair is not supported for SQLite databases.' );
			return;
		}

		$command = sprintf(
			'/usr/bin/env %s%s %s',
			Utils\get_sql_check_command(),
			$this->get_defaults_flag_string( $assoc_args ),
			'%s'
		);
		WP_CLI::debug( "Running shell command: {$command}", 'db' );

		$assoc_args['repair'] = true;

		// Pass --silent to mysqlcheck when in quiet mode.
		if ( WP_CLI::get_config( 'quiet' ) ) {
			$assoc_args['silent'] = true;
		}

		self::run(
			Utils\esc_cmd( $command, DB_NAME ),
			$assoc_args
		);

		WP_CLI::debug( 'Associative arguments: ' . json_encode( $assoc_args ), 'db' );
		WP_CLI::success( 'Database repaired.' );
	}

	/**
	 * Opens a MySQL console using credentials from wp-config.php
	 *
	 * ## OPTIONS
	 *
	 * [--database=<database>]
	 * : Use a specific database. Defaults to DB_NAME.
	 *
	 * [--default-character-set=<character-set>]
	 * : Use a specific character set. Defaults to DB_CHARSET when defined.
	 *
	 * [--dbuser=<value>]
	 * : Username to pass to mysql. Defaults to DB_USER.
	 *
	 * [--dbpass=<value>]
	 * : Password to pass to mysql. Defaults to DB_PASSWORD.
	 *
	 * [--<field>=<value>]
	 * : Extra arguments to pass to mysql. [Refer to mysql docs](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/en/mysql-command-options.html).
	 *
	 * [--defaults]
	 * : Loads the environment's MySQL option files. Default behavior is to skip loading them to avoid failures due to misconfiguration.
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     # Open MySQL console
	 *     $ wp db cli
	 *     mysql>
	 *
	 * @alias connect
	 */
	public function cli( $_, $assoc_args ) {
		$this->maybe_load_sqlite_dropin();

		if ( $this->is_sqlite() ) {
			WP_CLI::warning( 'Interactive console (cli) is not supported for SQLite databases. Use `wp db query` instead.' );
			return;
		}

		$command = sprintf(
			'%s%s --no-auto-rehash',
			Utils\get_mysql_binary_path(),
			$this->get_defaults_flag_string( $assoc_args )
		);
		WP_CLI::debug( "Running shell command: {$command}", 'db' );

		if ( ! isset( $assoc_args['database'] ) ) {
			$assoc_args['database'] = DB_NAME;
		}

		WP_CLI::debug( 'Associative arguments: ' . json_encode( $assoc_args ), 'db' );
		self::run( $command, $assoc_args, false, true );
	}

	/**
	 * Executes a SQL query against the database.
	 *
	 * Executes an arbitrary SQL query using `DB_HOST`, `DB_NAME`, `DB_USER`
	 *  and `DB_PASSWORD` database credentials specified in wp-config.php.
	 *
	 * Use the `--skip-column-names` MySQL argument to exclude the headers
	 * from a SELECT query. Pipe the output to remove the ASCII table
	 * entirely.
	 *
	 * ## OPTIONS
	 *
	 * [<sql>]
	 * : A SQL query. If not passed, will try to read from STDIN.
	 *
	 * [--dbuser=<value>]
	 * : Username to pass to mysql. Defaults to DB_USER.
	 *
	 * [--dbpass=<value>]
	 * : Password to pass to mysql. Defaults to DB_PASSWORD.
	 *
	 * [--<field>=<value>]
	 * : Extra arguments to pass to mysql. [Refer to mysql docs](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/en/mysql-command-options.html).
	 *
	 * [--defaults]
	 * : Loads the environment's MySQL option files. Default behavior is to skip loading them to avoid failures due to misconfiguration.
	 *
	 * [--skip-sql-mode-compat]
	 * : Run the query under the server's own SQL modes instead of adapting them to
	 * be WordPress-compatible. By default, the incompatible modes that WordPress
	 * disables in `wpdb` (such as `NO_ZERO_DATE` and `STRICT_TRANS_TABLES`) are
	 * stripped for the session, so statements against WordPress's zero-date schema
	 * behave the same as they do in WordPress itself.
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     # Execute a query stored in a file
	 *     $ wp db query < debug.sql
	 *
	 *     # Query for a specific value in the database (pipe the result to remove the ASCII table borders)
	 *     $ wp db query 'SELECT option_value FROM wp_options WHERE option_name="home"' --skip-column-names
	 *     +---------------------+
	 *     | https://example.com |
	 *     +---------------------+
	 *
	 *     # Check all tables in the database
	 *     $ wp db query "CHECK TABLE $(wp db tables | paste -s -d, -);"
	 *     +---------------------------------------+-------+----------+----------+
	 *     | Table                                 | Op    | Msg_type | Msg_text |
	 *     +---------------------------------------+-------+----------+----------+
	 *     | wordpress_dbase.wp_users              | check | status   | OK       |
	 *     | wordpress_dbase.wp_usermeta           | check | status   | OK       |
	 *     | wordpress_dbase.wp_posts              | check | status   | OK       |
	 *     | wordpress_dbase.wp_comments           | check | status   | OK       |
	 *     | wordpress_dbase.wp_links              | check | status   | OK       |
	 *     | wordpress_dbase.wp_options            | check | status   | OK       |
	 *     | wordpress_dbase.wp_postmeta           | check | status   | OK       |
	 *     | wordpress_dbase.wp_terms              | check | status   | OK       |
	 *     | wordpress_dbase.wp_term_taxonomy      | check | status   | OK       |
	 *     | wordpress_dbase.wp_term_relationships | check | status   | OK       |
	 *     | wordpress_dbase.wp_termmeta           | check | status   | OK       |
	 *     | wordpress_dbase.wp_commentmeta        | check | status   | OK       |
	 *     +---------------------------------------+-------+----------+----------+
	 *
	 *     # Pass extra arguments through to MySQL
	 *     $ wp db query 'SELECT * FROM wp_options WHERE option_name="home"' --skip-column-names
	 *     +---+------+------------------------------+-----+
	 *     | 2 | home | http://wordpress-develop.dev | yes |
	 *     +---+------+------------------------------+-----+
	 *
	 * ## MULTISITE USAGE
	 *
	 * Please note that the global `--url` parameter will have no effect on this command.
	 * In order to query for data in a site other than your primary site,
	 * you will need to manually modify the table names to use the prefix that includes the site's ID.
	 *
	 * For example, to get the `home` option for your second site, modify the example above like so:
	 *
	 *     $ wp db query 'SELECT option_value FROM wp_2_options WHERE option_name="home"' --skip-column-names
	 *     +----------------------+
	 *     | https://example2.com |
	 *     +----------------------+
	 *
	 * To confirm the ID for the site you want to query, you can use the `wp site list` command:
	 *
	 *     # wp site list --fields=blog_id,url
	 *     +---------+-----------------------+
	 *     | blog_id | url                   |
	 *     +---------+-----------------------+
	 *     | 1       | https://example1.com/ |
	 *     | 2       | https://example2.com/ |
	 *     +---------+-----------------------+
	 */
	public function query( $args, $assoc_args ) {
		$this->maybe_load_sqlite_dropin();

		if ( $this->is_sqlite() ) {
			// Get the query from args or STDIN.
			$query = '';
			if ( ! empty( $args ) ) {
				$query = $args[0];
			} else {
				$query = stream_get_contents( STDIN );
			}

			if ( empty( $query ) ) {
				WP_CLI::error( 'No query specified.' );
			}

			$this->sqlite_query( $query, $assoc_args );
			return;
		}

		$command = sprintf(
			'%s%s --no-auto-rehash',
			Utils\get_mysql_binary_path(),
			$this->get_defaults_flag_string( $assoc_args )
		);
		WP_CLI::debug( "Running shell command: {$command}", 'db' );

		$assoc_args['database'] = DB_NAME;

		// The query might come from STDIN.
		if ( ! empty( $args ) ) {
			$assoc_args['execute'] = $args[0];
		}

		// Adapt the session SQL mode to be WordPress-compatible via --init-command,
		// so it runs on connect before the query -- exactly like `wp db import` and
		// WordPress Core's own wpdb -- and composes with any caller-provided
		// --init-command. No separate probe connection is needed. Pass
		// --skip-sql-mode-compat to run under the server's own SQL modes instead.
		$this->apply_sql_mode_compat_init_command( $assoc_args, $assoc_args );
		unset( $assoc_args['skip-sql-mode-compat'] );

		$is_row_modifying_query = isset( $assoc_args['execute'] ) && preg_match( '/\b(UPDATE|DELETE|INSERT|REPLACE(?!\s*\()|LOAD DATA)\b/i', $assoc_args['execute'] );

		if ( $is_row_modifying_query ) {
			$assoc_args['execute'] .= '; SELECT ROW_COUNT();';
		}

		WP_CLI::debug( 'Associative arguments: ' . json_encode( $assoc_args ), 'db' );

		if ( $is_row_modifying_query ) {
			list( $stdout, $stderr, $exit_code ) = self::run( $command, $assoc_args, false );
			$output_lines                        = explode( "\n", trim( $stdout ) );
			$affected_rows                       = (int) trim( end( $output_lines ) );
			if ( $exit_code ) {
				WP_CLI::error( "Query failed: {$stderr}" );
			}
			WP_CLI::success( "Query succeeded. Rows affected: {$affected_rows}" );
		} else {
			self::run( $command, $assoc_args );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Exports the database to a file or to STDOUT.
	 *
	 * Runs `mysqldump` utility using `DB_HOST`, `DB_NAME`, `DB_USER` and
	 * `DB_PASSWORD` database credentials specified in wp-config.php. Accepts any valid [`mysqldump` flags](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/en/mysqldump.html#mysqldump-option-summary).
	 *
	 * ## OPTIONS
	 *
	 * [<file>]
	 * : The name of the SQL file to export. If '-', then outputs to STDOUT. If
	 * omitted, it will be '{dbname}-{Y-m-d}-{random-hash}.sql'.
	 *
	 * [--dbuser=<value>]
	 * : Username to pass to mysqldump. Defaults to DB_USER.
	 *
	 * [--dbpass=<value>]
	 * : Password to pass to mysqldump. Defaults to DB_PASSWORD.
	 *
	 * [--<field>=<value>]
	 * : Extra arguments to pass to mysqldump. [Refer to mysqldump docs](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/en/mysqldump.html#mysqldump-option-summary).
	 *
	 * [--tables=<tables>]
	 * : The comma separated list of specific tables to export. Excluding this parameter will export all tables in the database.
	 *
	 * [--exclude_tables=<tables>]
	 * : The comma separated list of specific tables that should be skipped from exporting. Excluding this parameter will export all tables in the database.
	 *
	 * [--include-tablespaces]
	 * : Skips adding the default --no-tablespaces option to mysqldump.
	 *
	 * [--porcelain]
	 * : Output filename for the exported database.
	 *
	 * [--defaults]
	 * : Loads the environment's MySQL option files. Default behavior is to skip loading them to avoid failures due to misconfiguration.
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     # Export database with `--skip-opt` and `--add-drop-table` mysqldump flags
	 *     $ wp db export --skip-opt --add-drop-table
	 *     Success: Exported to 'wordpress_dbase-db72bb5.sql'.
	 *
	 *     # Export certain tables
	 *     $ wp db export --tables=wp_options,wp_users
	 *     Success: Exported to 'wordpress_dbase-db72bb5.sql'.
	 *
	 *     # Export all tables matching a wildcard
	 *     $ wp db export --tables=$(wp db tables 'wp_user*' --format=csv)
	 *     Success: Exported to 'wordpress_dbase-db72bb5.sql'.
	 *
	 *     # Export all tables matching prefix
	 *     $ wp db export --tables=$(wp db tables --all-tables-with-prefix --format=csv)
	 *     Success: Exported to 'wordpress_dbase-db72bb5.sql'.
	 *
	 *     # Export certain posts without create table statements
	 *     $ wp db export --no-create-info=true --tables=wp_posts --where="ID in (100,101,102)"
	 *     Success: Exported to 'wordpress_dbase-db72bb5.sql'.
	 *
	 *     # Export relating meta for certain posts without create table statements
	 *     $ wp db export --no-create-info=true --tables=wp_postmeta --where="post_id in (100,101,102)"
	 *     Success: Exported to 'wordpress_dbase-db72bb5.sql'.
	 *
	 *     # Skip certain tables from the exported database
	 *     $ wp db export --exclude_tables=wp_options,wp_users
	 *     Success: Exported to 'wordpress_dbase-db72bb5.sql'.
	 *
	 *     # Skip all tables matching a wildcard from the exported database
	 *     $ wp db export --exclude_tables=$(wp db tables 'wp_user*' --format=csv)
	 *     Success: Exported to 'wordpress_dbase-db72bb5.sql'.
	 *
	 *     # Skip all tables matching prefix from the exported database
	 *     $ wp db export --exclude_tables=$(wp db tables --all-tables-with-prefix --format=csv)
	 *     Success: Exported to 'wordpress_dbase-db72bb5.sql'.
	 *
	 *     # Export database to STDOUT.
	 *     $ wp db export -
	 *     -- MySQL dump 10.13  Distrib 5.7.19, for osx10.12 (x86_64)
	 *     --
	 *     -- Host: localhost    Database: wpdev
	 *     -- ------------------------------------------------------
	 *     -- Server version    5.7.19
	 *     ...
	 *
	 * @alias dump
	 */
	public function export( $args, $assoc_args ) {
		$this->maybe_load_sqlite_dropin();

		if ( ! empty( $args[0] ) ) {
			$result_file = $args[0];
		} else {
			// phpcs:ignore WordPress.WP.AlternativeFunctions.rand_mt_rand -- WordPress is not loaded.
			$hash        = substr( md5( (string) mt_rand() ), 0, 7 );
			$result_file = sprintf( '%s-%s-%s.sql', DB_NAME, date( 'Y-m-d' ), $hash ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DateTime.RestrictedFunctions.date_date

		}

		if ( $this->is_sqlite() ) {
			$this->sqlite_export( $result_file, $assoc_args );
			return;
		}

		$stdout    = ( '-' === $result_file );
		$porcelain = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'porcelain' );

		// Bail if both porcelain and STDOUT are set.
		if ( $stdout && $porcelain ) {
			WP_CLI::error( 'Porcelain is not allowed when output mode is STDOUT.' );
		}

		if ( ! $stdout ) {
			$assoc_args['result-file'] = $result_file;
		}

		$mysqldump_binary = Utils\force_env_on_nix_systems( Utils\get_sql_dump_command() );

		$support_column_statistics = $this->command_supports_option( $mysqldump_binary, 'column-statistics' );

		/*
		 * In case that `--default-character-set` is not given and `DB_CHARSET` is `utf8`,
		 * we try to deduce what the actual character set for the posts table of the
		 * current database is and use `utf8mb4` as a `default-character-set` if that
		 * seems like the safer default, to ensure emojis are encoded correctly.
		 */
		if (
			! isset( $assoc_args['default-character-set'] )
			&&
			( defined( 'DB_CHARSET' ) && self::ENCODING_UTF8 === constant( 'DB_CHARSET' ) )
			&&
			self::ENCODING_UTF8MB4 === $this->get_posts_table_charset( $assoc_args )
		) {
			WP_CLI::debug( 'Setting missing default character set to ' . self::ENCODING_UTF8MB4, 'db' );
			$assoc_args['default-character-set'] = self::ENCODING_UTF8MB4;
		}

		$initial_command = sprintf( "{$mysqldump_binary}%s ", $this->get_defaults_flag_string( $assoc_args ) );
		WP_CLI::debug( "Running initial shell command: {$initial_command}", 'db' );

		$default_arguments = [ '%s' ];

		if ( $support_column_statistics ) {
			$default_arguments[] = '--skip-column-statistics';
		}

		if ( ! Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'include-tablespaces', false ) ) {
			$default_arguments[] = '--no-tablespaces';
		}

		$command = $initial_command . implode( ' ', $default_arguments );

		$command_esc_args = [ DB_NAME ];

		if ( isset( $assoc_args['tables'] ) ) {
			$tables = explode( ',', trim( $assoc_args['tables'], ',' ) );
			unset( $assoc_args['tables'] );
			$command .= ' --tables';
			foreach ( $tables as $table ) {
				$command           .= ' %s';
				$command_esc_args[] = trim( $table );
			}
		}

		$exclude_tables = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'exclude_tables' );
		if ( isset( $exclude_tables ) ) {
			$tables = explode( ',', trim( $assoc_args['exclude_tables'], ',' ) );
			unset( $assoc_args['exclude_tables'] );
			foreach ( $tables as $table ) {
				$command           .= ' --ignore-table';
				$command           .= ' %s';
				$command_esc_args[] = trim( DB_NAME . '.' . $table );
			}
		}

		$escaped_command = Utils\esc_cmd( $command, ...$command_esc_args );

		// Remove parameters not needed for SQL run.
		unset( $assoc_args['porcelain'] );

		WP_CLI::debug( 'Associative arguments: ' . json_encode( $assoc_args ), 'db' );
		self::run( $escaped_command, $assoc_args );

		if ( $porcelain ) {
			WP_CLI::line( $result_file );
		} elseif ( ! $stdout ) {
			WP_CLI::success( sprintf( "Exported to '%s'.", $result_file ) );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Get the current character set of the posts table.
	 *
	 * @param array $assoc_args Associative arguments.
	 * @return string Posts table character set.
	 */
	private function get_posts_table_charset( $assoc_args ) {
		$query = 'SELECT CCSA.character_set_name '
				. 'FROM information_schema.`TABLES` T, '
				. 'information_schema.`COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY` CCSA '
				. 'WHERE CCSA.collation_name = T.table_collation '
				. "AND T.table_schema = '" . DB_NAME . "' "
				. "AND T.table_name LIKE '%\_posts';";

		list( $stdout, $stderr, $exit_code ) = self::run(
			sprintf(
				'%s%s --no-auto-rehash --batch --skip-column-names',
				Utils\get_mysql_binary_path(),
				$this->get_defaults_flag_string( $assoc_args )
			),
			[ 'execute' => $query ],
			false
		);

		if ( $exit_code ) {
			WP_CLI::warning(
				'Failed to get current character set of the posts table.'
				. ( ! empty( $stderr ) ? " Reason: {$stderr}" : '' )
			);

			return self::ENCODING_UTF8MB4;
		}

		$stdout = trim( $stdout );

		WP_CLI::debug( "Detected character set of the posts table: {$stdout}.", 'db' );

		return $stdout;
	}

	/**
	 * Check whether a shell command advertises support for a specific option in `--help`.
	 *
	 * @param string $command Base shell command to inspect.
	 * @param string $option  Option name to look for.
	 * @return bool Whether the option is listed in help output.
	 */
	private function command_supports_option( $command, $option ) {
		$result = Process::create( "{$command} --help" )->run();

		return false !== strpos( $result->stdout . $result->stderr, $option );
	}

	/**
	 * Imports a database from a file or from STDIN.
	 *
	 * Runs SQL queries using `DB_HOST`, `DB_NAME`, `DB_USER` and
	 * `DB_PASSWORD` database credentials specified in wp-config.php. This
	 * does not create database by itself and only performs whatever tasks are
	 * defined in the SQL.
	 *
	 * ## OPTIONS
	 *
	 * [<file>]
	 * : The name of the SQL file to import. If '-', then reads from STDIN. If omitted, it will look for '{dbname}.sql'.
	 *
	 * [--dbuser=<value>]
	 * : Username to pass to mysql. Defaults to DB_USER.
	 *
	 * [--dbpass=<value>]
	 * : Password to pass to mysql. Defaults to DB_PASSWORD.
	 *
	 * [--<field>=<value>]
	 * : Extra arguments to pass to mysql. [Refer to mysql binary docs](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/mysql-command-options.html).
	 *
	 * [--skip-optimization]
	 * : When using an SQL file, do not include speed optimization such as disabling auto-commit and key checks.
	 *
	 * [--skip-sql-mode-compat]
	 * : Do not adapt the session SQL mode for WordPress compatibility. By default, `wp db import` strips the SQL modes that WordPress Core disables (such as `STRICT_TRANS_TABLES` and `NO_ZERO_DATE`) so that dumps containing legacy values like `0000-00-00` import cleanly. Pass this flag to import under the server's own SQL modes instead.
	 *
	 * [--defaults]
	 * : Loads the environment's MySQL option files. Default behavior is to skip loading them to avoid failures due to misconfiguration.
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     # Import MySQL from a file.
	 *     $ wp db import wordpress_dbase.sql
	 *     Success: Imported from 'wordpress_dbase.sql'.
	 */
	public function import( $args, $assoc_args ) {
		$this->maybe_load_sqlite_dropin();

		if ( ! empty( $args[0] ) ) {
			$result_file = $args[0];
		} else {
			$result_file = sprintf( '%s.sql', DB_NAME );
		}

		if ( $this->is_sqlite() ) {
			$this->sqlite_import( $result_file, $assoc_args );
			return;
		}

		// Process options to MySQL.
		$mysql_args = array_merge(
			[ 'database' => DB_NAME ],
			self::get_dbuser_dbpass_args( $assoc_args ),
			self::get_mysql_args( $assoc_args )
		);

		// Adapt the session SQL mode to be WordPress-compatible via --init-command,
		// so it runs on connect before any SQL is read. This covers both file and
		// STDIN imports, composes with any caller-provided --init-command, and needs
		// no separate probe connection.
		$this->apply_sql_mode_compat_init_command( $mysql_args, $assoc_args );

		if ( '-' !== $result_file ) {
			if ( ! is_readable( $result_file ) ) {
				WP_CLI::error( sprintf( 'Import file missing or not readable: %s', $result_file ) );
			}

			$query = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'skip-optimization' )
				? 'SOURCE %s;'
				: 'SET autocommit = 0; SET unique_checks = 0; SET foreign_key_checks = 0; SOURCE %s; COMMIT;';

			$mysql_args['execute'] = sprintf( $query, $result_file );
		} else {
			$result_file = 'STDIN';
		}

		$command = sprintf(
			'%s%s --no-auto-rehash',
			Utils\get_mysql_binary_path(),
			$this->get_defaults_flag_string( $assoc_args )
		);
		WP_CLI::debug( "Running shell command: {$command}", 'db' );
		WP_CLI::debug( 'Associative arguments: ' . json_encode( $assoc_args ), 'db' );

		self::run( $command, $mysql_args );

		WP_CLI::success( sprintf( "Imported from '%s'.", $result_file ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Lists the database tables.
	 *
	 * Defaults to all tables registered to the $wpdb database handler.
	 *
	 * ## OPTIONS
	 *
	 * [<table>...]
	 * : List tables based on wildcard search, e.g. 'wp_*_options' or 'wp_post?'.
	 *
	 * [--scope=<scope>]
	 * : List tables based on the scope.
	 *
	 * - all: returns 'all' and 'global' tables. No old tables are returned.
	 * - blog: returns the blog-level tables for the queried blog.
	 * - global: returns the global tables for the installation, returning multisite tables only on multisite.
	 * - ms_global: returns the multisite global tables, regardless if current installation is multisite.
	 * - old: returns tables which are deprecated.
	 * ---
	 * default: all
	 * options:
	 *   - all
	 *   - blog
	 *   - global
	 *   - ms_global
	 *   - old
	 * ---
	 *
	 * [--network]
	 * : List all the tables in a multisite install.
	 *
	 * [--all-tables-with-prefix]
	 * : List all tables that match the table prefix even if not registered on $wpdb. Overrides --network.
	 *
	 * [--all-tables]
	 * : List all tables in the database, regardless of the prefix, and even if not registered on $wpdb. Overrides --all-tables-with-prefix.
	 *
	 * [--format=<format>]
	 * : Render output in a particular format.
	 * ---
	 * default: list
	 * options:
	 *   - list
	 *   - csv
	 * ---
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     # List tables for a single site, without shared tables like 'wp_users'
	 *     $ wp db tables --scope=blog --url=sub.example.com
	 *     wp_3_posts
	 *     wp_3_comments
	 *     wp_3_options
	 *     wp_3_postmeta
	 *     wp_3_terms
	 *     wp_3_term_taxonomy
	 *     wp_3_term_relationships
	 *     wp_3_termmeta
	 *     wp_3_commentmeta
	 *
	 *     # Export only tables for a single site
	 *     $ wp db export --tables=$(wp db tables --url=sub.example.com --format=csv)
	 *     Success: Exported to wordpress_dbase.sql
	 *
	 * @when after_wp_load
	 *
	 * @param array<string> $args Positional arguments.
	 * @param array{scope?: string, network?: bool, 'all-tables-with-prefix'?: bool, 'all-tables'?: bool, format: string} $assoc_args Associative arguments.
	 */
	public function tables( $args, $assoc_args ) {

		$format = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'format' );
		unset( $assoc_args['format'] );

		if ( empty( $args ) && empty( $assoc_args ) ) {
			$assoc_args['scope'] = 'all';
		}

		$tables = Utils\wp_get_table_names( $args, $assoc_args );

		if ( 'csv' === $format ) {
			WP_CLI::line( implode( ',', $tables ) );
		} else {
			foreach ( $tables as $table ) {
				WP_CLI::line( $table );
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Displays the database name and size.
	 *
	 * Display the database name and size for `DB_NAME` specified in wp-config.php.
	 * The size defaults to a human-readable number.
	 *
	 * Available size formats include:
	 * * b (bytes)
	 * * kb (kilobytes)
	 * * mb (megabytes)
	 * * gb (gigabytes)
	 * * tb (terabytes)
	 * * B   (ISO Byte setting, with no conversion)
	 * * KB  (ISO Kilobyte setting, with 1 KB  = 1,000 B)
	 * * KiB (ISO Kibibyte setting, with 1 KiB = 1,024 B)
	 * * MB  (ISO Megabyte setting, with 1 MB  = 1,000 KB)
	 * * MiB (ISO Mebibyte setting, with 1 MiB = 1,024 KiB)
	 * * GB  (ISO Gigabyte setting, with 1 GB  = 1,000 MB)
	 * * GiB (ISO Gibibyte setting, with 1 GiB = 1,024 MiB)
	 * * TB  (ISO Terabyte setting, with 1 TB  = 1,000 GB)
	 * * TiB (ISO Tebibyte setting, with 1 TiB = 1,024 GiB)
	 *
	 * ## OPTIONS
	 *
	 * [--size_format=<format>]
	 * : Display the database size only, as a bare number.
	 * ---
	 * options:
	 *   - b
	 *   - kb
	 *   - mb
	 *   - gb
	 *   - tb
	 *   - B
	 *   - KB
	 *   - KiB
	 *   - MB
	 *   - MiB
	 *   - GB
	 *   - GiB
	 *   - TB
	 *   - TiB
	 * ---
	 *
	 * [--tables]
	 * : Display each table name and size instead of the database size.
	 *
	 * [--human-readable]
	 * : Display database sizes in human readable formats.
	 *
	 * [--format=<format>]
	 * : Render output in a particular format.
	 * ---
	 * options:
	 *   - table
	 *   - csv
	 *   - json
	 *   - yaml
	 * ---
	 *
	 * [--scope=<scope>]
	 * : Can be all, global, ms_global, blog, or old tables. Defaults to all.
	 *
	 * [--network]
	 * : List all the tables in a multisite install.
	 *
	 * [--decimals=<decimals>]
	 * : Number of digits after decimal point. Defaults to 0.
	 *
	 * [--all-tables-with-prefix]
	 * : List all tables that match the table prefix even if not registered on $wpdb. Overrides --network.
	 *
	 * [--all-tables]
	 * : List all tables in the database, regardless of the prefix, and even if not registered on $wpdb. Overrides --all-tables-with-prefix.
	 *
	 * [--order=<order>]
	 * : Ascending or Descending order.
	 * ---
	 * default: asc
	 * options:
	 *   - asc
	 *   - desc
	 * ---
	 *
	 * [--orderby=<orderby>]
	 * : Order by fields.
	 * ---
	 * default: name
	 * options:
	 *   - name
	 *   - size
	 * ---
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     $ wp db size
	 *     +-------------------+------+
	 *     | Name              | Size |
	 *     +-------------------+------+
	 *     | wordpress_default | 6 MB |
	 *     +-------------------+------+
	 *
	 *     $ wp db size --tables
	 *     +-----------------------+-------+
	 *     | Name                  | Size  |
	 *     +-----------------------+-------+
	 *     | wp_users              | 64 KB |
	 *     | wp_usermeta           | 48 KB |
	 *     | wp_posts              | 80 KB |
	 *     | wp_comments           | 96 KB |
	 *     | wp_links              | 32 KB |
	 *     | wp_options            | 32 KB |
	 *     | wp_postmeta           | 48 KB |
	 *     | wp_terms              | 48 KB |
	 *     | wp_term_taxonomy      | 48 KB |
	 *     | wp_term_relationships | 32 KB |
	 *     | wp_termmeta           | 48 KB |
	 *     | wp_commentmeta        | 48 KB |
	 *     +-----------------------+-------+
	 *
	 *     $ wp db size --size_format=b
	 *     5865472
	 *
	 *     $ wp db size --size_format=kb
	 *     5728
	 *
	 *     $ wp db size --size_format=mb
	 *     6
	 *
	 * @when after_wp_load
	 *
	 * @param array $args Positional arguments. Unused.
	 * @param array{size_format?: string, tables?: bool, 'human-readable'?: bool, format?: string, scope?: string, network?: bool, decimals?: string, 'all-tables-with-prefix'?: bool, 'all-tables'?: bool, order: string, orderby: string} $assoc_args Associative arguments.
	 */
	public function size( $args, $assoc_args ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$format                 = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'format' );
		$size_format            = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'size_format' );
		$human_readable         = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'human-readable', false );
		$tables                 = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'tables' );
		$tables                 = ! empty( $tables );
		$all_tables             = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'all-tables' );
		$all_tables_with_prefix = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'all-tables-with-prefix' );
		$order                  = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'order', 'asc' );
		$orderby                = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'orderby', null );

		if ( ! is_null( $size_format ) && $human_readable ) {
			WP_CLI::error( 'Cannot use --size_format and --human-readable arguments at the same time.' );
		}

		unset( $assoc_args['format'] );
		unset( $assoc_args['size_format'] );
		unset( $assoc_args['human-readable'] );
		unset( $assoc_args['tables'] );

		if ( empty( $args ) && empty( $assoc_args ) ) {
			$assoc_args['scope'] = 'all';
		}

		// Build rows for the formatter.
		$rows   = [];
		$fields = [ 'Name', 'Size' ];

		$default_unit = ( empty( $size_format ) && ! $human_readable ) ? ' B' : '';

		$is_sqlite = $this->is_sqlite();

		if ( $tables || $all_tables || $all_tables_with_prefix ) {

			// Add all of the table sizes.
			foreach ( Utils\wp_get_table_names( $args, $assoc_args ) as $table_name ) {

				// Get the table size.
				if ( $is_sqlite ) {
					$table_bytes = $wpdb->get_var(
						$wpdb->prepare(
							'SELECT SUM(pgsize) as size_in_bytes FROM dbstat where name = %s LIMIT 1',
							$table_name
						)
					);
				} else {
					$table_bytes = $wpdb->get_var(
						$wpdb->prepare(
							'SELECT SUM(data_length + index_length) FROM information_schema.TABLES where table_schema = %s and Table_Name = %s GROUP BY Table_Name LIMIT 1',
							DB_NAME,
							$table_name
						)
					);
				}

				// Add the table size to the list.
				$rows[] = [
					'Name'  => $table_name,
					'Size'  => strtoupper( $table_bytes ) . $default_unit,
					'Bytes' => strtoupper( $table_bytes ),
				];
			}
		} else {

			// Get the database size.
			if ( $is_sqlite ) {
				$db_bytes = $this->sqlite_size();
				$db_path  = $this->get_sqlite_db_path();
				$db_name  = $db_path ? basename( $db_path ) : '';
			} else {
				$db_bytes = $wpdb->get_var(
					$wpdb->prepare(
						'SELECT SUM(data_length + index_length) FROM information_schema.TABLES where table_schema = %s GROUP BY table_schema;',
						DB_NAME
					)
				);
				$db_name  = DB_NAME;
			}

			// Add the database size to the list.
			$rows[] = [
				'Name'  => $db_name,
				'Size'  => strtoupper( $db_bytes ) . $default_unit,
				'Bytes' => strtoupper( $db_bytes ),
			];
		}

		$size_format_display = '';

		if ( ! empty( $size_format ) || $human_readable ) {
			foreach ( $rows as $index => $row ) {
				// phpcs:disable WordPress.NamingConventions.PrefixAllGlobals.NonPrefixedConstantFound -- Backfilling WP native constants.
				if ( ! defined( 'KB_IN_BYTES' ) ) {
					define( 'KB_IN_BYTES', 1024 );
				}
				if ( ! defined( 'MB_IN_BYTES' ) ) {
					define( 'MB_IN_BYTES', 1024 * KB_IN_BYTES );
				}
				if ( ! defined( 'GB_IN_BYTES' ) ) {
					define( 'GB_IN_BYTES', 1024 * MB_IN_BYTES );
				}
				if ( ! defined( 'TB_IN_BYTES' ) ) {
					define( 'TB_IN_BYTES', 1024 * GB_IN_BYTES );
				}
				// phpcs:enable

				if ( $human_readable ) {
					$size_key = floor( log( (float) $row['Size'] ) / log( 1000 ) );
					$sizes    = [ 'B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB' ];

					if ( is_infinite( $size_key ) ) {
						$size_key = 0;
					}

					$size_key = (int) $size_key;

					$size_format = isset( $sizes[ $size_key ] ) ? $sizes[ $size_key ] : $sizes[0];
				}

				// Display the database size as a number.
				switch ( $size_format ) {
					case 'TB':
						$divisor = pow( 1000, 4 );
						break;

					case 'GB':
						$divisor = pow( 1000, 3 );
						break;

					case 'MB':
						$divisor = pow( 1000, 2 );
						break;

					case 'KB':
						$divisor = 1000;
						break;

					case 'tb':
					case 'TiB':
						$divisor = TB_IN_BYTES;
						break;

					case 'gb':
					case 'GiB':
						$divisor = GB_IN_BYTES;
						break;

					case 'mb':
					case 'MiB':
						$divisor = MB_IN_BYTES;
						break;

					case 'kb':
					case 'KiB':
						$divisor = KB_IN_BYTES;
						break;

					case 'b':
					case 'B':
					default:
						$divisor = 1;
						break;
				}
					$size_format_display = preg_replace( '/IB$/u', 'iB', strtoupper( $size_format ) );

					$decimals               = (int) Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'decimals', 0 );
					$rows[ $index ]['Size'] = round( (int) $row['Bytes'] / $divisor, $decimals ) . ' ' . $size_format_display;
			}
		}

		if ( ! empty( $size_format ) && ! $tables && ! $format && ! $human_readable && true !== $all_tables && true !== $all_tables_with_prefix ) {
			WP_CLI::line( str_replace( " {$size_format_display}", '', $rows[0]['Size'] ) );
		} else {
			// Sort the rows by user input
			if ( $orderby ) {
				usort(
					$rows,
					function ( $a, $b ) use ( $order, $orderby ) {

						$orderby_array          = 'asc' === $order ? array( $a, $b ) : array( $b, $a );
						list( $first, $second ) = $orderby_array;

						if ( 'size' === $orderby ) {
							return $first['Bytes'] <=> $second['Bytes'];
						}

						return strcmp( $first['Name'], $second['Name'] );
					}
				);
			}

			// Display the rows.
			$args = [
				'format'     => $format,
				'alignments' => [ 'Size' => Column::ALIGN_RIGHT ],
			];

			$formatter = new Formatter( $args, $fields );
			$formatter->display_items( $rows );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Displays the database table prefix.
	 *
	 * Display the database table prefix, as defined by the database handler's interpretation of the current site.
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     $ wp db prefix
	 *     wp_
	 *
	 * @when after_wp_load
	 */
	public function prefix() {
		global $wpdb;

		WP_CLI::log( $wpdb->prefix );
	}

	/**
	 * Finds a string in the database.
	 *
	 * Searches through all of the text columns in a selection of database tables for a given string, Outputs colorized references to the string.
	 *
	 * Defaults to searching through all tables registered to $wpdb. On multisite, this default is limited to the tables for the current site.
	 *
	 * ## OPTIONS
	 *
	 * <search>
	 * : String to search for. The search is case-insensitive by default.
	 *
	 * [<tables>...]
	 * : One or more tables to search through for the string.
	 *
	 * [--network]
	 * : Search through all the tables registered to $wpdb in a multisite install.
	 *
	 * [--all-tables-with-prefix]
	 * : Search through all tables that match the registered table prefix, even if not registered on $wpdb. On one hand, sometimes plugins use tables without registering them to $wpdb. On another hand, this could return tables you don't expect. Overrides --network.
	 *
	 * [--all-tables]
	 * : Search through ALL tables in the database, regardless of the prefix, and even if not registered on $wpdb. Overrides --network and --all-tables-with-prefix.
	 *
	 * [--before_context=<num>]
	 * : Number of characters to display before the match.
	 * ---
	 * default: 40
	 * ---
	 *
	 * [--after_context=<num>]
	 * : Number of characters to display after the match.
	 * ---
	 * default: 40
	 * ---
	 *
	 * [--regex]
	 * : Runs the search as a regular expression (without delimiters). The search becomes case-sensitive (i.e. no PCRE flags are added). Delimiters must be escaped if they occur in the expression. Because the search is run on individual columns, you can use the `^` and `$` tokens to mark the start and end of a match, respectively.
	 *
	 * [--regex-flags=<regex-flags>]
	 * : Pass PCRE modifiers to the regex search (e.g. 'i' for case-insensitivity).
	 *
	 * [--regex-delimiter=<regex-delimiter>]
	 * : The delimiter to use for the regex. It must be escaped if it appears in the search string. The default value is the result of `chr(1)`.
	 *
	 * [--table_column_once]
	 * : Output the 'table:column' line once before all matching row lines in the table column rather than before each matching row.
	 *
	 * [--one_line]
	 * : Place the 'table:column' output on the same line as the row id and match ('table:column:id:match'). Overrides --table_column_once.
	 *
	 * [--matches_only]
	 * : Only output the string matches (including context). No 'table:column's or row ids are outputted.
	 *
	 * [--stats]
	 * : Output stats on the number of matches found, time taken, tables/columns/rows searched, tables skipped.
	 *
	 * [--table_column_color=<color_code>]
	 * : Percent color code to use for the 'table:column' output. For a list of available percent color codes, see below. Default '%G' (bright green).
	 *
	 * [--id_color=<color_code>]
	 * : Percent color code to use for the row id output. For a list of available percent color codes, see below. Default '%Y' (bright yellow).
	 *
	 * [--match_color=<color_code>]
	 * : Percent color code to use for the match (unless both before and after context are 0, when no color code is used). For a list of available percent color codes, see below. Default '%3%k' (black on a mustard background).
	 *
	 * [--fields=<fields>]
	 * : Get a specific subset of the fields.
	 *
	 * [--format=<format>]
	 * : Render output in a particular format.
	 * ---
	 * options:
	 *   - table
	 *   - csv
	 *   - json
	 *   - yaml
	 *   - ids
	 *   - count
	 * ---
	 *
	 * The percent color codes available are:
	 *
	 * | Code | Color
	 * | ---- | -----
	 * |  %y  | Yellow (dark) (mustard)
	 * |  %g  | Green (dark)
	 * |  %b  | Blue (dark)
	 * |  %r  | Red (dark)
	 * |  %m  | Magenta (dark)
	 * |  %c  | Cyan (dark)
	 * |  %w  | White (dark) (light gray)
	 * |  %k  | Black
	 * |  %Y  | Yellow (bright)
	 * |  %G  | Green (bright)
	 * |  %B  | Blue (bright)
	 * |  %R  | Red (bright)
	 * |  %M  | Magenta (bright)
	 * |  %C  | Cyan (bright)
	 * |  %W  | White
	 * |  %K  | Black (bright) (dark gray)
	 * |  %3  | Yellow background (dark) (mustard)
	 * |  %2  | Green background (dark)
	 * |  %4  | Blue background (dark)
	 * |  %1  | Red background (dark)
	 * |  %5  | Magenta background (dark)
	 * |  %6  | Cyan background (dark)
	 * |  %7  | White background (dark) (light gray)
	 * |  %0  | Black background
	 * |  %8  | Reverse
	 * |  %U  | Underline
	 * |  %F  | Blink (unlikely to work)
	 *
	 * They can be concatenated. For instance, the default match color of black on a mustard (dark yellow) background `%3%k` can be made black on a bright yellow background with `%Y%0%8`.
	 *
	 * ## AVAILABLE FIELDS
	 *
	 * These fields will be displayed by default for each result:
	 *
	 * * table
	 * * column
	 * * match
	 * * primary_key_name
	 * * primary_key_value
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     # Search through the database for the 'wordpress-develop' string
	 *     $ wp db search wordpress-develop
	 *     wp_options:option_value
	 *     1:http://wordpress-develop.dev
	 *     wp_options:option_value
	 *     1:https://example.com/foo
	 *         ...
	 *
	 *     # Search through a multisite database on the subsite 'foo' for the 'example.com' string
	 *     $ wp db search example.com --url=example.com/foo
	 *     wp_2_comments:comment_author_url
	 *     1:https://example.com/
	 *     wp_2_options:option_value
	 *         ...
	 *
	 *     # Search through the database for the 'https?://' regular expression, printing stats.
	 *     $ wp db search 'https?://' --regex --stats
	 *     wp_comments:comment_author_url
	 *     1:https://wordpress.org/
	 *         ...
	 *     Success: Found 99146 matches in 10.752s (10.559s searching). Searched 12 tables, 53 columns, 1358907 rows. 1 table skipped: wp_term_relationships.
	 *
	 *     # SQL search database table 'wp_options' where 'option_name' match 'foo'
	 *     wp db query 'SELECT * FROM wp_options WHERE option_name like "%foo%"' --skip-column-names
	 *     +----+--------------+--------------------------------+-----+
	 *     | 98 | foo_options  | a:1:{s:12:"_multiwidget";i:1;} | yes |
	 *     | 99 | foo_settings | a:0:{}                         | yes |
	 *     +----+--------------+--------------------------------+-----+
	 *
	 *     # SQL search and delete records from database table 'wp_options' where 'option_name' match 'foo'
	 *     wp db query "DELETE from wp_options where option_id in ($(wp db query "SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(option_id SEPARATOR ',') from wp_options where option_name like '%foo%';" --silent --skip-column-names))"
	 *
	 *     # Search for a string and print the result as a table
	 *     $ wp db search https://localhost:8889 --format=table --fields=table,column,match
	 *     +------------+--------------+-----------------------------+
	 *     | table      | column       | match                       |
	 *     +------------+--------------+-----------------------------+
	 *     | wp_options | option_value | https://localhost:8889      |
	 *     | wp_options | option_value | https://localhost:8889      |
	 *     | wp_posts   | guid         | https://localhost:8889/?p=1 |
	 *     | wp_users   | user_url     | https://localhost:8889      |
	 *     +------------+--------------+-----------------------------+
	 *
	 *     # Search for a string and get only the IDs (only works for a single table)
	 *     $ wp db search https://localhost:8889 wp_options --format=ids
	 *     1 2
	 *
	 * @when after_wp_load
	 */
	public function search( $args, $assoc_args ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$start_run_time = microtime( true );

		$search = array_shift( $args );

		$before_context = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'before_context', 40 );
		$before_context = '' === $before_context ? $before_context : (int) $before_context;

		$after_context = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'after_context', 40 );
		$after_context = '' === $after_context ? $after_context : (int) $after_context;

		$default_regex_delimiter = false;
		$regex_flags             = false;
		$regex_delimiter         = '';

		$regex = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'regex', false );
		if ( false !== $regex ) {
			$regex_flags             = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'regex-flags', false );
			$default_regex_delimiter = false;
			$regex_delimiter         = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'regex-delimiter', '' );
			if ( '' === $regex_delimiter ) {
				$regex_delimiter         = chr( 1 );
				$default_regex_delimiter = true;
			}
		}

		$colors = self::get_colors(
			$assoc_args,
			[
				'table_column' => '%G',
				'id'           => '%Y',
				'match'        => $before_context || $after_context ? '%3%k' : '',
			]
		);

		$table_column_once = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'table_column_once', false );
		$one_line          = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'one_line', false );
		$matches_only      = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'matches_only', false );
		$stats             = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'stats', false );
		$fields            = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'fields' );
		$format            = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'format' );

		$column_count = 0;
		$row_count    = 0;
		$match_count  = 0;
		$skipped      = [];

		if ( $regex ) {
			// Note the user must escape the delimiter in the search.
			$search_regex = $regex_delimiter . $search . $regex_delimiter;
			if ( $regex_flags ) {
				$search_regex .= $regex_flags;
			}
			// phpcs:ignore WordPress.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Unsure why this is needed, leaving in for now.
			if ( false === @preg_match( $search_regex, '' ) ) {
				if ( $default_regex_delimiter ) {
					$flags_msg = $regex_flags ? "flags '$regex_flags'" : 'no flags';
					$msg       = "The regex pattern '$search' with default delimiter 'chr(1)' and {$flags_msg} fails.";
				} else {
					$msg = "The regex '$search_regex' fails.";
				}
				WP_CLI::error( $msg );
			}
		} else {
			$search_regex    = '#' . preg_quote( $search, '#' ) . '#i';
			$esc_like_search = '%' . Utils\esc_like( $search ) . '%';
		}

		$encoding = false;
		if ( 0 === strpos( $wpdb->charset, self::ENCODING_UTF8 ) ) {
			$encoding = 'UTF-8';
		}

		$tables = Utils\wp_get_table_names( $args, $assoc_args );

		$search_results = [];
		$is_sqlite      = $this->is_sqlite();

		$start_search_time = microtime( true );

		foreach ( $tables as $table ) {
			list( $primary_keys, $text_columns, $all_columns ) = self::get_columns( $table );
			if ( ! $all_columns ) {
				WP_CLI::error( "No such table '$table'." );
			}
			if ( ! $text_columns ) {
				if ( $stats ) {
					$skipped[] = $table;
					// Don't bother warning for term relationships (which is just 3 int columns) or SQLite.
				} elseif ( ! preg_match( '/_term_relationships$/', $table ) && ! $is_sqlite ) {
					WP_CLI::warning( $primary_keys ? "No text columns for table '$table' - skipped." : "No primary key or text columns for table '$table' - skipped." );
				}
				continue;
			}
			$table_sql     = self::esc_sql_ident( $table );
			$column_count += count( $text_columns );
			if ( ! $primary_keys ) {
				WP_CLI::warning( "No primary key for table '$table'. No row ids will be outputted." );
				$primary_key     = '';
				$primary_key_sql = '';
			} else {
				$primary_key     = array_shift( $primary_keys );
				$primary_key_sql = self::esc_sql_ident( $primary_key ) . ', ';
			}

			foreach ( $text_columns as $column ) {
				$column_sql = self::esc_sql_ident( $column );
				if ( $regex ) {
					// phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared -- Escaped through esc_sql_ident/esc_like.
					$results = $wpdb->get_results( "SELECT {$primary_key_sql}{$column_sql} FROM {$table_sql}" );
				} else {
					// phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared -- Escaped through esc_sql_ident/esc_like.
					$results = $wpdb->get_results( $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT {$primary_key_sql}{$column_sql} FROM {$table_sql} WHERE {$column_sql} LIKE %s;", $esc_like_search ) );
				}
				if ( $results ) {
					$row_count                  += count( $results );
					$table_column_val            = $colors['table_column'][0] . "{$table}:{$column}" . $colors['table_column'][1];
					$outputted_table_column_once = false;
					foreach ( $results as $result ) {
						$col_val = $result->$column;
						if ( preg_match_all( $search_regex, $col_val, $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE ) ) {
							if ( ! $format && ! $matches_only && ( ! $table_column_once || ! $outputted_table_column_once ) && ! $one_line ) {
								WP_CLI::log( $table_column_val );
								$outputted_table_column_once = true;
							}
							$pk_val = $primary_key ? ( $colors['id'][0] . $result->$primary_key . $colors['id'][1] . ':' ) : '';

							$bits         = [];
							$col_encoding = $encoding;
							if ( ! $col_encoding && ( $before_context || $after_context ) && function_exists( 'mb_detect_encoding' ) ) {
								$col_encoding = mb_detect_encoding( $col_val, null, true /*strict*/ );
							}
							$append_next = false;
							$last_offset = 0;
							$match_cnt   = count( $matches[0] );
							for ( $i = 0; $i < $match_cnt; $i++ ) {
								$match           = $matches[0][ $i ][0];
								$offset          = $matches[0][ $i ][1];
								$log             = $colors['match'][0] . $match . $colors['match'][1];
								$before          = '';
								$after           = '';
								$after_shortened = false;

								// Offsets are in bytes, so need to use `strlen()` and `substr()` before using `safe_substr()`.
								if ( $before_context && $offset && ! $append_next ) {
									$before = \cli\safe_substr( substr( $col_val, $last_offset, $offset - $last_offset ), -$before_context, null /*length*/, false /*is_width*/, $col_encoding );
								}
								if ( $after_context ) {
									$end_offset = $offset + strlen( $match );
									$after      = (string) \cli\safe_substr( substr( $col_val, $end_offset ), 0, $after_context, false /*is_width*/, $col_encoding );
									// To lessen context duplication in output, shorten the after context if it overlaps with the next match.
									if ( $i + 1 < $match_cnt && $end_offset + strlen( $after ) > $matches[0][ $i + 1 ][1] ) {
										$after           = substr( $after, 0, $matches[0][ $i + 1 ][1] - $end_offset );
										$after_shortened = true;
										// On the next iteration, will append with no before context.
									}
								}
								if ( $append_next ) {
									$cnt               = count( $bits );
									$bits[ $cnt - 1 ] .= $log . $after;
								} else {
									$bits[] = $before . $log . $after;
								}
								$append_next = $after_shortened;
								$last_offset = $offset;
							}
							$match_count += $match_cnt;
							$col_val      = implode( ' [...] ', $bits );

							if ( $format ) {
								$search_results[] = [
									'table'             => $table,
									'column'            => $column,
									// Remove the colors for the format output.
									'match'             => str_replace(
										[ $colors['match'][0], $colors['match'][1] ],
										[ '','' ],
										$col_val
									),
									'primary_key_name'  => $primary_key,
									'primary_key_value' => $result->$primary_key,
								];
							} else {
								WP_CLI::log( $matches_only ? $col_val : ( $one_line ? "{$table_column_val}:{$pk_val}{$col_val}" : "{$pk_val}{$col_val}" ) );
							}
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}

		if ( $format ) {
			$formatter_args   = [
				'format' => $format,
			];
			$formatter_fields = [ 'table', 'column', 'match', 'primary_key_name', 'primary_key_value' ];

			if ( $fields ) {
				$fields           = explode( ',', $assoc_args['fields'] );
				$formatter_fields = array_values( array_intersect( $formatter_fields, $fields ) );
			}

			if ( in_array( $format, [ 'ids', 'count' ], true ) ) {
				if ( count( $tables ) > 1 ) {
					WP_CLI::error( "The \"{$format}\" format can only be used for a single table." );
				}
				$search_results = array_column( $search_results, 'primary_key_value' );
			}

			$formatter = new Formatter( $formatter_args, $formatter_fields );
			$formatter->display_items( $search_results );
		}

		if ( $stats ) {
			$table_count   = count( $tables );
			$skipped_count = count( $skipped );
			$match_str     = 1 === $match_count ? 'match' : 'matches';
			$table_str     = 1 === $table_count ? 'table' : 'tables';
			$column_str    = 1 === $column_count ? 'column' : 'columns';
			$row_str       = 1 === $row_count ? 'row' : 'rows';
			$skipped_str   = 1 === $skipped_count ? 'table skipped' : 'tables skipped';
			if ( 0 !== $skipped_count ) {
				$skipped_str .= ': ' . implode( ', ', $skipped );
			}
			$end_time    = microtime( true );
			$run_time    = $end_time - $start_run_time;
			$search_time = $end_time - $start_search_time;
			$stats_msg   = sprintf(
				'Found %d %s in %.3fs (%.3fs searching). Searched %d %s, %d %s, %d %s. %d %s.',
				$match_count,
				$match_str,
				$run_time,
				$search_time,
				$table_count,
				$table_str,
				$column_count,
				$column_str,
				$row_count,
				$row_str,
				$skipped_count,
				$skipped_str
			);
			WP_CLI::success( $stats_msg );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Displays information about a given table.
	 *
	 * ## OPTIONS
	 *
	 * <table>
	 * : Name of the database table.
	 *
	 * [--format]
	 * : Render output in a particular format.
	 * ---
	 * default: table
	 * options:
	 *   - table
	 *   - csv
	 *   - json
	 *   - yaml
	 * ---
	 *
	 * ## EXAMPLES
	 *
	 *     $ wp db columns wp_posts
	 *     +-----------------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------------------+----------------+
	 *     |         Field         |        Type         | Null | Key |       Default       |     Extra      |
	 *     +-----------------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------------------+----------------+
	 *     | ID                    | bigint(20) unsigned | NO   | PRI |                     | auto_increment |
	 *     | post_author           | bigint(20) unsigned | NO   | MUL | 0                   |                |
	 *     | post_date             | datetime            | NO   |     | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 |                |
	 *     | post_date_gmt         | datetime            | NO   |     | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 |                |
	 *     | post_content          | longtext            | NO   |     |                     |                |
	 *     | post_title            | text                | NO   |     |                     |                |
	 *     | post_excerpt          | text                | NO   |     |                     |                |
	 *     | post_status           | varchar(20)         | NO   |     | publish             |                |
	 *     | comment_status        | varchar(20)         | NO   |     | open                |                |
	 *     | ping_status           | varchar(20)         | NO   |     | open                |                |
	 *     | post_password         | varchar(255)        | NO   |     |                     |                |
	 *     | post_name             | varchar(200)        | NO   | MUL |                     |                |
	 *     | to_ping               | text                | NO   |     |                     |                |
	 *     | pinged                | text                | NO   |     |                     |                |
	 *     | post_modified         | datetime            | NO   |     | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 |                |
	 *     | post_modified_gmt     | datetime            | NO   |     | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 |                |
	 *     | post_content_filtered | longtext            | NO   |     |                     |                |
	 *     | post_parent           | bigint(20) unsigned | NO   | MUL | 0                   |                |
	 *     | guid                  | varchar(255)        | NO   |     |                     |                |
	 *     | menu_order            | int(11)             | NO   |     | 0                   |                |
	 *     | post_type             | varchar(20)         | NO   | MUL | post                |                |
	 *     | post_mime_type        | varchar(100)        | NO   |     |                     |                |
	 *     | comment_count         | bigint(20)          | NO   |     | 0                   |                |
	 *     +-----------------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------------------+----------------+
	 *
	 * @when after_wp_load
	 */
	public function columns( $args, $assoc_args ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$format = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'format' );

		Utils\wp_get_table_names( [ $args[0] ], [ 'all-tables' => true ] );

		$columns = $wpdb->get_results(
			// phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared -- Asserted to be a valid table name through wp_get_table_names.
			'SHOW COLUMNS FROM ' . $args[0]
		);

		$formatter_fields = [ 'Field', 'Type', 'Null', 'Key', 'Default', 'Extra' ];

		if ( $this->is_sqlite() ) {
			$formatter_fields = [ 'Field', 'Type', 'Null', 'Key', 'Default' ];
		}

		$formatter_args = [
			'format' => $format,
		];

		$formatter = new Formatter( $formatter_args, $formatter_fields );
		$formatter->display_items( $columns );
	}

	private static function get_create_query() {

		$create_query = sprintf( 'CREATE DATABASE %s', self::esc_sql_ident( DB_NAME ) );
		if ( defined( 'DB_CHARSET' ) && constant( 'DB_CHARSET' ) ) {
			$create_query .= sprintf( ' DEFAULT CHARSET %s', self::esc_sql_ident( DB_CHARSET ) );
		}
		if ( defined( 'DB_COLLATE' ) && constant( 'DB_COLLATE' ) ) {
			$create_query .= sprintf( ' DEFAULT COLLATE %s', self::esc_sql_ident( DB_COLLATE ) );
		}
		return $create_query;
	}

	/**
	 * Run a single query via the 'mysql' binary.
	 *
	 * This includes the necessary setup to make sure the queries behave similar
	 * to what WPDB produces.
	 *
	 * @param string $query      Query to execute.
	 * @param array  $assoc_args Optional. Associative array of arguments.
	 */
	protected function run_query( $query, $assoc_args = [] ) {
		WP_CLI::debug( "Query: {$query}", 'db' );

		$mysql_args = array_merge(
			self::get_dbuser_dbpass_args( $assoc_args ),
			self::get_mysql_args( $assoc_args )
		);

		// Adapt the session SQL mode to be WordPress-compatible via --init-command,
		// so it runs on connect before the query, composes with any caller-provided
		// --init-command, and needs no separate probe connection.
		$this->apply_sql_mode_compat_init_command( $mysql_args, $assoc_args );

		self::run(
			sprintf(
				'%s%s --no-auto-rehash',
				Utils\get_mysql_binary_path(),
				$this->get_defaults_flag_string( $assoc_args )
			),
			array_merge( [ 'execute' => $query ], $mysql_args )
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Run a MySQL command and optionally return the output.
	 *
	 * @param string $cmd           Command to run.
	 * @param array  $assoc_args    Optional. Associative array of arguments to
	 *                              use.
	 * @param bool   $send_to_shell Optional. Whether to send STDOUT and STDERR
	 *                              immediately to the shell. Defaults to true.
	 * @param bool   $interactive   Optional. Whether MySQL is meant to be
	 *                              executed as an interactive process. Defaults
	 *                              to false.
	 *
	 * @return array {
	 *     Associative array containing STDOUT and STDERR output.
	 *
	 *     @type string $stdout    Output that was sent to STDOUT.
	 *     @type string $stderr    Output that was sent to STDERR.
	 *     @type int    $exit_code Exit code of the process.
	 * }
	 */
	private static function run( $cmd, $assoc_args = [], $send_to_shell = true, $interactive = false ) {
		$required = [
			'host' => DB_HOST,
			'user' => DB_USER,
			'pass' => DB_PASSWORD,
		];

		if ( ! isset( $assoc_args['default-character-set'] )
			&& defined( 'DB_CHARSET' ) && constant( 'DB_CHARSET' ) ) {
			$required['default-character-set'] = constant( 'DB_CHARSET' );
		}

		// Using 'dbuser' as option name to workaround clash with WP-CLI's global WP 'user' parameter, with 'dbpass' also available for tidiness.
		if ( isset( $assoc_args['dbuser'] ) ) {
			$required['user'] = $assoc_args['dbuser'];
			unset( $assoc_args['dbuser'] );
		}
		if ( isset( $assoc_args['dbpass'] ) ) {
			$required['pass'] = $assoc_args['dbpass'];
			unset( $assoc_args['dbpass'], $assoc_args['password'] );
		}

		// MariaDB 11.4 enables TLS server certificate verification by default. WP-CLI
		// connects the same way WordPress does, which does not verify the certificate,
		// and against MariaDB's auto-generated self-signed certificate verification
		// either just warns on STDERR that it disabled itself or fails outright. Opt out
		// explicitly to keep the previous behaviour, unless the user asked to verify.
		if ( 'mariadb' === Utils\get_db_type()
			&& ! isset( $assoc_args['ssl-verify-server-cert'] )
			&& ! isset( $assoc_args['skip-ssl-verify-server-cert'] ) ) {
			$required['skip-ssl-verify-server-cert'] = true;
		}

		$final_args = array_merge( $required, $assoc_args );

		// Filter out empty string values to avoid passing empty parameters to MySQL commands
		// which can cause errors like "Character set '' is not a compiled character set".
		// However, keep empty strings for credential options like 'user' and 'pass' so that
		// an explicitly empty value is not silently converted into an omitted parameter.
		$final_args = array_filter(
			$final_args,
			static function ( $value, $key ) {
				// Always drop null values.
				if ( null === $value ) {
					return false;
				}

				// Preserve explicitly empty credential arguments.
				if ( '' === $value && in_array( $key, [ 'user', 'pass' ], true ) ) {
					return true;
				}

				// For all other options, filter out empty strings.
				return '' !== $value;
			},
			ARRAY_FILTER_USE_BOTH
		);

		// Adapt ordering of arguments.
		uksort(
			$final_args,
			static function ( $a, $b ) {
				if ( 'force' === $a ) {
					return 1;
				} elseif ( 'force' === $b ) {
					return -1;
				} else {
					return 0;
				}
			}
		);

		return Utils\run_mysql_command( $cmd, $final_args, null, $send_to_shell, $interactive );
	}

	/**
	 * Helper to pluck 'dbuser' and 'dbpass' from associative args array.
	 *
	 * @param array $assoc_args Associative args array.
	 * @return array Array with `dbuser' and 'dbpass' set if in passed-in associative args array.
	 */
	private static function get_dbuser_dbpass_args( $assoc_args ) {
		$mysql_args = [];
		$dbuser     = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'dbuser' );
		if ( null !== $dbuser ) {
			$mysql_args['dbuser'] = $dbuser;
		}
		$dbpass = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'dbpass' );
		if ( null !== $dbpass ) {
			$mysql_args['dbpass'] = $dbpass;
		}
		return $mysql_args;
	}

	/**
	 * Gets the column names of a db table differentiated into key columns and text columns and all columns.
	 *
	 * @param string $table The table name.
	 * @return array{0: string[], 1: string[], 2: string[]} A 3 element array consisting of an array of primary key column names, an array of text column names, and an array containing all column names.
	 */
	private static function get_columns( $table ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$table_sql       = self::esc_sql_ident( $table );
		$primary_keys    = [];
		$text_columns    = [];
		$all_columns     = [];
		$suppress_errors = $wpdb->suppress_errors();

		// phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared -- Escaped through esc_sql_ident/esc_like.
		$results = $wpdb->get_results( "DESCRIBE $table_sql" );
		if ( $results ) {
			foreach ( $results as $col ) {
				// phpcs:disable WordPress.NamingConventions.ValidVariableName.UsedPropertyNotSnakeCase -- Property names come from database.
				if ( 'PRI' === $col->Key ) {
					$primary_keys[] = $col->Field;
				}
				if ( self::is_text_col( $col->Type ) ) {
					$text_columns[] = $col->Field;
				}
				$all_columns[] = $col->Field;
				// phpcs:enable
			}
		}
		$wpdb->suppress_errors( $suppress_errors );
		return [ $primary_keys, $text_columns, $all_columns ];
	}

	/**
	 * Determines whether a column is considered text or not.
	 *
	 * @param string $type Column type.
	 * @return bool True if text column, false otherwise.
	 */
	private static function is_text_col( $type ) {
		foreach ( [ 'text', 'varchar' ] as $token ) {
			if ( false !== strpos( $type, $token ) ) {
				return true;
			}
		}

		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * Escapes (backticks) MySQL identifiers (aka schema object names) - i.e. column names, table names, and database/index/alias/view etc names.
	 * See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/identifiers.html
	 *
	 * @param string|array $idents A single identifier or an array of identifiers.
	 * @return string|array An escaped string if given a string, or an array of escaped strings if given an array of strings.
	 *
	 * @phpstan-return ($idents is string ? string : array)
	 */
	private static function esc_sql_ident( $idents ) {
		$backtick = static function ( $v ) {
			// Escape any backticks in the identifier by doubling.
			return '`' . str_replace( '`', '``', $v ) . '`';
		};
		if ( is_string( $idents ) ) {
			return $backtick( $idents );
		}
		return array_map( $backtick, $idents );
	}

	/**
	 * Gets the color codes from the options if any, and returns the passed in array colorized with 2 elements per entry, a color code (or '') and a reset (or '').
	 *
	 * @param array $assoc_args The associative argument array passed to the command.
	 * @param array $colors Array of default percent color code strings keyed by the 3 color contexts 'table_column', 'id', 'match'.
	 * @return array Array containing 3 2-element arrays.
	 */
	private function get_colors( $assoc_args, $colors ) {
		$color_reset = WP_CLI::colorize( '%n' );

		$color_codes = implode(
			'',
			array_map(
				function ( $v ) {
					return substr( $v, 1 );
				},
				array_keys( \cli\Colors::getColors() )
			)
		);

		$color_codes_regex = '/^(?:%[' . $color_codes . '])*$/';

		foreach ( array_keys( $colors ) as $color_col ) {
			$col_color_flag = Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, $color_col . '_color', false );
			if ( false !== $col_color_flag ) {
				if ( ! preg_match( $color_codes_regex, $col_color_flag, $matches ) ) {
					WP_CLI::warning( "Unrecognized percent color code '$col_color_flag' for '{$color_col}_color'." );
				} else {
					$colors[ $color_col ] = $matches[0];
				}
			}
			$colors[ $color_col ] = $colors[ $color_col ] ? [ WP_CLI::colorize( $colors[ $color_col ] ), $color_reset ] : [ '', '' ];
		}

		return $colors;
	}

	/**
	 * Helper to pluck `mysql` options from associative args array.
	 *
	 * @param array $assoc_args Associative args array.
	 * @return array Array with `mysql` options set if in passed-in associative args array.
	 */
	private static function get_mysql_args( $assoc_args ) {

		$allowed_mysql_options = [
			'auto-rehash',
			'auto-vertical-output',
			'batch',
			'binary-as-hex',
			'binary-mode',
			'bind-address',
			'character-sets-dir',
			'column-names',
			'column-type-info',
			'comments',
			'compress',
			'connect-expired-password',
			'connect_timeout',
			'database',
			'debug',
			'debug-check',
			'debug-info',
			'default-auth',
			'default-character-set',
			'defaults-extra-file',
			'defaults-file',
			'defaults-group-suffix',
			'delimiter',
			'enable-cleartext-plugin',
			'execute',
			'force',
			'get-server-public-key',
			'help',
			'histignore',
			'host',
			'html',
			'ignore-spaces',
			'init-command',
			'line-numbers',
			'local-infile',
			'login-path',
			'max_allowed_packet',
			'max_join_size',
			'named-commands',
			'net_buffer_length',
			'no-beep',
			'one-database',
			'pager',
			'pipe',
			'plugin-dir',
			'port',
			'print-defaults',
			'protocol',
			'quick',
			'raw',
			'reconnect',
			'i-am-a-dummy',
			'safe-updates',
			'secure-auth',
			'select_limit',
			'server-public-key-path',
			'shared-memory-base-name',
			'show-warnings',
			'sigint-ignore',
			'silent',
			'skip-auto-rehash',
			'skip-column-names',
			'skip-line-numbers',
			'skip-named-commands',
			'skip-pager',
			'skip-reconnect',
			'skip-ssl',
			'skip-ssl-verify-server-cert',
			'socket',
			'ssl',
			'ssl-ca',
			'ssl-capath',
			'ssl-cert',
			'ssl-cipher',
			'ssl-crl',
			'ssl-crlpath',
			'ssl-fips-mode',
			'ssl-key',
			'ssl-mode',
			'ssl-verify-server-cert',
			'syslog',
			'table',
			'tee',
			'tls-version',
			'unbuffered',
			'verbose',
			'version',
			'vertical',
			'wait',
			'xml',
		];

		$mysql_args = [];

		foreach ( $assoc_args as $mysql_option_key => $mysql_option_value ) {
			// Check flags to make sure they only contain valid options.
			if ( in_array( $mysql_option_key, $allowed_mysql_options, true ) && ! empty( $mysql_option_value ) ) {
				$mysql_args[ $mysql_option_key ] = $mysql_option_value;
			}
		}

		return $mysql_args;
	}

	/**
	 * Writes out the `--no-defaults` flag for MySQL commands unless the --defaults flag is specified for the WP_CLI command.
	 *
	 * @param array $assoc_args Associative args array.
	 * @return string Either the '--no-defaults' flag for use in the command or an empty string.
	 */
	protected function get_defaults_flag_string( &$assoc_args ) {

		$flag_string = ' --no-defaults';

		if ( array_key_exists( 'defaults', $assoc_args ) ) {

			if ( true === Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'defaults' ) ) {
				$flag_string = '';
			}

			unset( $assoc_args['defaults'] );

		}

		return $flag_string;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the statement that strips the SQL modes incompatible with WordPress
	 * from the current session.
	 *
	 * The statement is applied on the same connection as the import or query via
	 * the MySQL client's `--init-command`, so it runs on connect before any SQL is
	 * read. Imports and queries therefore behave like WordPress Core (which
	 * disables these modes in `wpdb`), including when a dump is streamed from
	 * STDIN. Unlike the previous implementation, no separate connection is opened
	 * to first discover the current modes, so it works regardless of the
	 * connection options in play (custom `--host`, `--defaults`, SSL/TLS,
	 * sockets, ...).
	 *
	 * Returns an empty string when the `--skip-sql-mode-compat` flag is set.
	 *
	 * @see https://github.com/WordPress/wordpress-develop/blob/5.4.0/src/wp-includes/wp-db.php#L559-L572
	 *
	 * @param array $assoc_args The associative argument array passed to the command.
	 * @return string SQL statement that sets a WordPress-compatible SQL mode, or an
	 *                empty string.
	 */
	protected function get_sql_mode_compat_statement( $assoc_args = [] ) {
		if ( Utils\get_flag_value( $assoc_args, 'skip-sql-mode-compat', false ) ) {
			return '';
		}

		// Strip the incompatible modes from the session mode list. Each mode is
		// wrapped in commas so that it only matches as a whole token and never as
		// a substring -- stripping `ANSI` must not turn `ANSI_QUOTES` into
		// `_QUOTES`, for example.
		$expression = "CONCAT( ',', @@SESSION.sql_mode, ',' )";
		foreach ( $this->sql_incompatible_modes as $mode ) {
			$expression = sprintf( "REPLACE( %s, ',%s,', ',' )", $expression, $mode );
		}

		return sprintf( "SET SESSION sql_mode = TRIM( BOTH ',' FROM %s )", $expression );
	}

	/**
	 * Applies the WordPress SQL-mode compatibility statement to the MySQL client
	 * arguments via `--init-command`, so it runs on connect before any SQL is read.
	 *
	 * If the caller already supplied their own `--init-command` (via the CLI or an
	 * option file), the compatibility statement is composed with it as a single
	 * multi-statement `--init-command` value -- the compatibility statement first,
	 * the caller's command second -- rather than dropping either one. A caller that
	 * re-sets `sql_mode` in their own command therefore still wins (last statement
	 * takes effect), while the compatibility statement is guaranteed to run.
	 *
	 * Running both statements from a single `--init-command` value works across
	 * every targeted client (mysql 5.6/5.7/8.0/8.4 and mariadb). The newer
	 * `--init-command-add` option is only available on mysql 8.4+, so it is not
	 * used here.
	 *
	 * Does nothing when compatibility is disabled via `--skip-sql-mode-compat`.
	 *
	 * @param array $mysql_args MySQL client arguments, passed by reference.
	 * @param array $assoc_args The associative argument array passed to the command.
	 */
	protected function apply_sql_mode_compat_init_command( &$mysql_args, $assoc_args ) {
		$sql_mode_compat = $this->get_sql_mode_compat_statement( $assoc_args );
		if ( '' === $sql_mode_compat ) {
			return;
		}

		if ( isset( $mysql_args['init-command'] ) && '' !== trim( (string) $mysql_args['init-command'] ) ) {
			$mysql_args['init-command'] = $sql_mode_compat . '; ' . $mysql_args['init-command'];
		} else {
			$mysql_args['init-command'] = $sql_mode_compat;
		}
	}
}