crypto: verify with callback crashes when private key is used

[panva]

Introduced in #37500 (released with v15.12.0) the function call crashes node when a private key object is passed to verify when using the callback argument.

const crypto = require('crypto');
const assert = require('assert');

const data = Buffer.from('hello');
const { privateKey } = crypto.generateKeyPairSync('ed25519');
const signature = crypto.sign(null, data, privateKey);

assert(crypto.verify(null, data, privateKey, signature)); // OK

crypto.verify(null, data, privateKey, signature, (err, verified) => { // 💥
  assert(!err);
  assert(verified);
});

node[49326]: ../src/crypto/crypto_sig.cc:850:static bool node::crypto::SignTraits::DeriveBits(node::Environment *, const node::crypto::SignConfiguration &, node::crypto::ByteSource *): Assertion `(params.key->GetKeyType()) == (kKeyTypePublic)' failed.

This can never happen in webcrypto where this implementation was first used but it is a valid input for one shot verify.

I'm looking into a fix and expanding the test suite.

cc @jasnell